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Because this secondary system was invented later, it was tacked onto the alphabet as a system of symbols that you write above and below the existing letters. In this section, I introduce you to these important symbols.

The man went to Dubai. This is crucial information as you move officially into intermediate territory. In this part, you also experience the adjectives necessary to liven things up a bit. Then I introduce you to the ways to compare things пїЅ and label one as the best. Finally, in this part, I explain how to add relative clauses to your writing. But English pronouns do preserve cases in some instances.

Unlike English, Arabic relies fairly heavily on cases. Latin has five cases, and depending on which of the five declensions of nouns they go on, there are dozens of different endings. Arabic has only three cases nominative, accusative, and genitive , and with very few exceptions, the ending is the same regardless of the gender and number of the noun.

In this chapter, I show you the three case endings and how to produce them for the different nouns in an Arabic sentence. Getting to the Point with the Nominative Case The term nominative refers to nouns that are the subject of a sentence.

In English grammar, there are several pronouns that have a separate nominative form. She is a fine doctor. Unlike English, Arabic has separate nominative forms of all nouns, not just pronouns.

The primary use of the nominative is as the subject of a sentence. Nominative is used in equational sentences, where the verb to be will be unstated. The nominative case is also used in verbal sentences. See Chapter 2 for more on equational and verbal sentences.

The cook is in the kitchen. The teacher read the tests. In the following sections, I show you the simple nominative and the indefinite nominative forms. Western grammarians have coined the term nunation to refer to this addition of a final n sound to the indefinite forms in Arabic. In handwritten forms, sometimes you may see two Dammas simply drawn next to each other or inverted beside each other.

When you write equational sentences with all the vowels expressed, you use the nominative for both parts of the sentence. The subject can be definite, but the predicate is indefinite. The car is new. The president is happy. An indefinite noun also can be the subject in a verbal sentence. A director will oversee this department. In this practice set, I give you a number of Arabic sentences. Rewrite the sentence for further writing practice but add to the sentence the proper form of the nominative Damma or the Dammatayn wherever it should be found.

Note that nominal sentences require you to fill in two nominatives. The girlfriend is nice. Whoever said this case was difficult was falsely accusing it. The English language preserves a few separate accusative forms for pronouns. Consider these examples: I love her. She hates him. In Arabic, however, separate pronouns are all nominative. When you need to put a pronoun in a different case, it will always be a suffix on either a verb or a preposition.

Chapter 4: Making Your Case with the Three Cases of the Arabic Noun In this section, I show you the simple accusative, indefinite accusative, and accusative as predicate forms. Forming the simple accusative form with fatHa In Arabic, the simple accusative is used with definite nouns.

Using the indefinite accusative The indefinite accusative ending is used to express the accusative case of an indefinite noun. This is indicated with a doubled fatHa, which is called fatHatayn. But a special class of verbs that requires an accusative predicate exists in Arabic. The weather is nice today.

Yesterday the weather was also nice. The predicate can also be another noun, as in this example:. The man was a good cook. Some words in this group of verbs occur quite rarely. To see all the forms of laysa, check out Chapter 17 of this book.

Is he still going to the party? Chapter 4: Making Your Case with the Three Cases of the Arabic Noun In the following exercise, I give you a number of Arabic sentences that require, depending on the verb, a nominative or accusative indefinite as the predicate adjective or noun. In brackets is the English equivalent of the Arabic word you need which you can find in the dictionary.

Write in the blank the correct form of the Arabic word or words. In this section, I show you the simple and indefinite forms of the genitive and offer several examples of how to use the genitive. Like the nominative and accusative cases, you use the same ending regardless of gender and number. This is indicated with a doubled kasra called kasratayn. I explain each situation in the following sections.

Here are examples with several different prepositions. Linguists call this a euphonic change meaning it just sounds better. Help your friend out by underlining the words that are incorrect. Then write the proper form in the spaces provided. Note: Your friend has made eight mistakes. So he obviously really needs your help! The book is interesting. The b. The university library is big. That boy is funny. The student brought the e.

The editor is busy tomorrow. The ambassador returned from g. The composer is outstanding. The singer won an award. My wife is beautiful. William Smith Mr. Brown, I thank you for the phone interview today. I am happy for the opportunity. Last week I became a director in another department in the company and my office location changed. Here it is : 12 Airport St. Doha, Qatar Again, I thank you for your interest in me. English, for instance, puts an s on the end of almost every noun.

But 99 percent of English nouns just add s to form the plural. This system is called the broken plural. At times over the years, the system has made me feel like a broken man! One grammarian lists 29 different patterns in use in Classical Arabic; and half of these patterns are still used in Modern Standard Arabic today.

In this chapter, I do everything I can to help you see how Arabic plurals work. You have two options for grasping the forms of the plural in Arabic. I recommend that you pursue both of them at once. First, remember this one key bit of information: You just have to bite the bullet and memorize both the singular and plural of any new vocabulary item you want to acquire. Any good dictionary will give you both forms. Your second method of attack to grasp plurals in Arabic is what I cover in this chapter.

I show you that, in the end, Arabic does have some tendencies of regularity in this otherwise bewildering system. However, what you will be able to do is predict with a high degree of accuracy the plural of several common patterns of nouns. English has a single plural ending for almost all nouns, regardless of gender. Arabic has different plural endings for the different genders. So in this chapter, I explain the ins and outs of making both feminine and masculine nouns plural.

If you need a refresher on masculine and feminine nouns, spend some time with Chapter 2. Many feminine nouns form the plural easily and regularly. But in other cases, unfortunately, the plural form will be unpredictable. So when it comes to making feminine nouns plural, you have two different situations: regular plurals and broken plurals. I explain what each of these two methods is and how to form both in the following sections.

Arabic grammarians call this regular category the sound plurals. A more descriptive name for the sound plurals may be to call them suffixed plurals.

Instead, you just change the vowels in the word. Arab grammarians call this phenomenon the broken plural. However, before I show you that pattern, I need to explain what Arab grammarians mean when they use the term pattern.

But that noun also has a shape to it. This is a convenient way to reference the various plural forms you see in this book. Each noun has a set plural you should learn at the same time that you learn the singular.

Put them in the correct plural form using the rules I explain in this section. Note: There are, of course, always exceptions in any language. Because of this irregularity, you just have to memorize the plural forms.

A dictionary can help you determine the plural forms of the words you intend to put to memory. The broken plural system in Arabic follows tendencies, but no rules work percent of the time. When I tell you that a given word pattern frequently takes a certain plural pattern, there will always be exceptions.

Also keep in mind that the particular plural pattern a noun uses is already determined. Instead, your task is just to learn what pattern it does follow. However, do note that a few patterns are somewhat predictable. So, in this section, I show you ten common plural patterns and give you examples of important and useful words that follow each of them. In some cases, you can see that certain forms of singulars have a tendency to follow a given pattern. And recognizing plurals allows you to succeed in finding the correct singular in a dictionary.

There are other plural patterns than the ten I focus on here. You quickly reach a point of diminishing returns when you Chapter 5: Forming the Plural in Arabic try to learn every possible plural pattern that Arabic uses.

The ten you master in this chapter can equip you to recognize and produce the plurals of the vast majority of Arabic nouns. To form the plural, you need to know two things. You need to know the three consonants that make up the triliteral root for that word. You also need to know the word pattern that particular noun uses to form its plural.

As a participle, this word means [someone] writing, and would take the sound plural endings. A full discussion of the sound plural endings for participles is found in Chapter But the participle has also transitioned into a noun that means one who writes that is, a writer. Instead it forms its plural with Plural Pattern 1. Sometimes these nouns use Pattern 9, however.

So refer to the next section for details on that pattern. Do note that nouns of this form may occasionally use Pattern 8, which is discussed in the previous section. Substitute the consonants of the singular form into the pattern to convert the noun into the plural form. Anytime you have exactly two of something, you can call it a pair, a couple, or, grammatically, a dual.

The broken plural patterns covered in preceding sections are challenging to learn. But the formation of dual nouns, covered in this section, is a little easier to take.

In Arabic you use a special ending, referred to as the dual ending, whenever you refer to only two of something rather than three or more of something. Compared to the broken plural, mastering the dual will be a breeze.

The dual of masculine nouns In this section, I include some examples of how to form the dual when working with masculine nouns. The dual of feminine nouns As noted earlier, the dual of feminine nouns uses the same endings as the masculine nouns. That means you need to double your supplies. Examine your shopping list, and then convert every item into the dual form. You can just produce the dual of the Arabic word provided, but do produce both the nominative and accusative forms.

In other words, Bon Appetit! Chapter 5: Forming the Plural in Arabic Q. Convert this to the dual form, or two blocks of cheese. You may have noticed that an adjective or adverb has found its way into every sentence of this chapter opening. So being hesitant with them can have a paralyzing effect on what you want to say. Mastering adjectives and adverbs is a win-win for you. In this chapter, I show you the forms of the Arabic adjectives and the rules for how to use them within your sentences.

This information will come in handy on a variety of occasions, such as when you want to compliment your boss about that nice tie. In this chapter, you also explore how to make a comparative adjective in Arabic. This information will equip you to tell your old friend that she looks younger than the last time you saw her. You also see how to jazz up your description of actions with Arabic adverbs. This chapter is a great way to make your Arabic writing even better!

Describing People and Things with Adjectives To use adjectives in Arabic, you need to know how to properly form them and also how and where to add them to your sentence. The simple explanation is that an adjective must agree grammatically with the word it describes and come immediately Part II: Becoming a Master at Using Nouns after that word, as in the following example. Do you like my new car? Recognizing adjective patterns To recognize an adjective in Arabic, you must become familiar with the different word patterns that adjectives can follow.

They each have the vowel a after the first consonant and the long i after the second consonant. Wrestling with Arabic forms of the adjective In your basic studies of Arabic nouns, you became acquainted with the masculine and feminine gender as well as the singular and plural.

To review these concepts, visit Chapters 2 and 5. The good news is that three of the four potential adjective endings are formed regularly. The only tricky thing about adjectives in Arabic is that the masculine plural forms are unpredictably irregular. As a result, you have to simply memorize the masculine plural unless you want to reach for this book or your dictionary every time you want to write one. Chapter 6: Bringing Your Sentences to Life with Adjectives and Adverbs The following sections introduce you to the shapes of the irregular masculine plurals as well as the thankfully fully regular masculine singular and feminine singular and plural forms.

Looking at irregular masculine plurals In this section, I show you the forms of some common adjectives so you see the various shapes that the masculine plural can take. But the pesky masculine plural turns out different in all three of the common adjectives shown in Table Table Masc. Singular Masc. Plural Fem. Adjectives can appear in several other word patterns as well.

The other potential word patterns an adjective can take, however, are numerous and not individually common. Table shows you four other word patterns for adjectives.

The feminine will be regular, but be ready for the masculine plurals to be irregular. In Classical Arabic, these adjectives had a different feminine singular than what I show you in Table You may see this obsolete feminine form in older books, but in Modern Standard Arabic it has been replaced by the more regular forms that I show you in Table Singular Fem.

Using participles as adjectives A number of adjectives in Arabic are actually participles. But because of that -ing ending, exciting is a present participle. A detailed description of participle formation is available to you in Chapter The good news for you is that all the adjectives derived from participles take the regular masculine and feminine singular and plural sound endings.

Table shows three participles that have adjectival meanings. It all depends on the ending of the word and, well, just what sounds the best. Arabic, on the other hand, has a more regular way to form an adjective from a place name. Think, for instance, about how you can form the adjective melodic from the word melody and responsive from response.

A historical root is a root that was used thousands of years ago but changed over time. For each of the following place names and nouns, create a nisba adjective. If you can also correctly write the English translation of your newly created adjective, you get extra credit. Two of the questions prompt you to produce feminine singular.

All the rest should be masculine singular. This pattern is discussed later in the chapter. The man is tired. The girl is intelligent. The women are famous. The Egyptians are nice. Unlike English, adjectives in Arabic always follow the nouns they describe. For example, in English you write the white house. In Arabic, this same phrase would literally be the house the white.

An attributive adjective is so named because it attributes a description to the noun. See Chapter 2 for more on the definite state. I saw a strange thing there. The tall building on the left is the embassy. The only exception to adjectives following nouns comes with the demonstrative adjectives. The Arabic demonstrative adjectives come immediately before the nouns they go with, but they still agree in gender.

This is known as the predicate adjective. Here are two examples:. The girl is nice. The building is beautiful. A possessive pronoun suffix, such as my or her, also makes its noun definite. Because of that, if the noun in your sentence has one of the possessive pronoun suffixes, you have to make your adjective definite to match. You can review possessive pronoun suffixes in Chapter 2. This is the equivalent of saying, as in the following example, my idea the new.

Instead, whenever an inanimate object is plural, you use feminine singular adjectives. The stories are funny. The answers are correct. These dreams are sweet. In this exercise, I list several phrases in English, each one containing a noun and an adjective. The pen is blue. The house is big. The books are useful. The cat FS is black. My grandmother is famous. Adverbs are easily formed in English.

Perhaps someone can cook beautifully so their guests can eat greedily. Arabic creates adverbs regularly as well. You can take any adjective, put it in the masculine singular accusative indefinite form, and then use it as an adverb. For a review of the accusative singular, see Chapter 4. You put your adverb after the verb, as in English.

She sings beautifully. Please speak slowly. She wrote well. In English, you can use a noun plus a preposition to create an adverbial phrase. For example, in the sentence, Walk carefully on that ice, the adverb is carefully. Now consider the sentence, Handle this package with care. It showcases an adverbial phrase пїЅ with care. Arabic also uses some prepositional phrases adverbially. You can add the prefixed preposition bi- to abstract nouns, and they take on an adverbial sense.

Your challenge is to put the bracketed word into the form of an adverb. This Is Better than That: Making Comparisons Earlier in this chapter, I show you how to use adjectives and adverbs, so now you can probably describe someone as beautiful or tell her that she sings beautifully. To form the comparative in English, you can just add the suffix -er to most adjectives.

For example: big becomes bigger small becomes smaller As always, there are exceptions to this rule. Instead, you need to say someone is more beautiful, or you can switch to prettier. I explain everything you need to know in the following sections. Forming the comparative from the triliteral root Like English, Arabic has a regular way to form the comparative. In the following list, you see how several adjectives turn into the comparative form when you put their roots into the word pattern.

Just as you put the English word than directly in front of the word you want to compare, so also you put min directly in front of the noun you want to compare in Arabic. Min ordinarily means from. But when you use min in a comparative sentence, always translate it as than.

He is taller than my brother. She is smarter than I. The comparative can function as an attributive adjective, as well. I sold the more expensive car. He wore the cheaper shirt.

Translate these into Arabic, observing the rules you have discovered in this section. Ahmad is taller than Latiif. My car is faster than your car. This house is newer than that apartment. She is nicer than her sister. The student is smarter than the teacher! It may even be stupendous! Instead, you use the comparative form in any of three constructions to produce a superlative idea.

In the following sections, I explain each of the constructions. That book is shortest. My professor is the newest one here. Comparative plus the indefinite singular An indefinite noun following the comparative form can provide a superlative sense. See Chapter 4 for more on creating indefinite nouns. My birthday was on the warmest day of the year. In this exercise, I give you a few English sentences using superlatives. Each one is accompanied by three Arabic versions, only one of which expresses the English correctly.

Remember that one of the Arabic sentences does match the English sentence provided, so dig in and find the one that follows the rules you discovered in this section. This test was the hardest. He discussed the most interesting issue with his friends. I preferred the newest kind. Use the sharpest knife. He is the dumbest man in the office.

Oh bother! Keeping track of the genders and numbers through it all can be a real feat. Oh, there it is! Or you can use the preposition of. In Arabic, however, possession is indicated a bit differently. You describe possession or relationship by putting the two words next to each other with no words in between them.

If you want to master the case endings, consult Chapter 4. We do the same thing in English. Each item is only in charge, so to speak, of the item in front of it. It can be the direct object. I discuss the grammatical cases of nouns in Chapter 4. See Chapter 2 for more on equational sentences. The first example is an equational sentence. The second is a verbal sentence:.

For your reference, Table shows those five nouns and their forms. To study all the sound plural endings, see Chapter The newspaper correspondents were busy today. Chapter 6 covers adjectives in detail.

The adjective still needs to agree with its noun in gender, number, and definiteness. Then I add the adjective describing her advice. The place settings contain placards with the titles of several important guests.

To Part II: Becoming a Master at Using Nouns save your company some embarrassment, indicate whether each of the following is correct or incorrect, and then make the corrections as needed.

The world of subordinate clauses allows you to give important background on a topic, all within a single sentence. The relative clause lets you add levels of detail in your background explanation that go way beyond what adjectives alone can achieve.

Like other skills you acquire by working through this book, the use of the relative clause in Arabic distinguishes you as an accomplished writer. In this chapter, you discover the essential tricks for forming relative clauses correctly and precisely in Arabic.

Getting to Know the Singular Relative Pronoun A relative clause is a secondary clause that tells you information about a word in the main sentence. The main sentence informs the reader that The man is my brother. The relative clause gives information about the man in the form of sub-clause.

Before you can compose a relative clause, you need to understand the components that make them up and the situations in which to include them. So in this section, I cover the elements of a relative clause and then discuss the masculine and feminine singular relative pronouns.

At the end of the section, I discuss relative pronouns and the parts of speech. And, as usual, I include practice questions to help you sharpen your skills. The word being described further in this way is called the antecedent. As a rule, the antecedent comes before the relative clause and ordinarily is the word that immediately precedes the relative clause.

When you describe someone or something, you frequently use an adjective. You may want to describe important background information to help your reader or listener understand the topic better. The way you convey background information in this way is through a relative clause. Last night I met the tall and angry man who came to the party with Fatima. Last night I met the tall and angry man. A relative clause can come in the middle of the sentence as well.

The tall and angry man who came to the party with Fatima told me a joke. The tall and angry man told me a joke. Check out the following examples:. The film that we saw yesterday was tremendous. The man who called me yesterday told me the same thing. My mother, whom I call daily, still worries about me. The language that you are studying is very useful in the Middle East. Depending on the gender of the antecedent, write the correct form of the relative pronoun on the lines that are provided to you.

The letter that I write to you is about our vacation. The vacation that we were waiting for finally arrived. We are traveling with our neighbor about whom I wrote in my previous letter.

The car that we rented is big and new. We arrived quickly at the hotel that my husband chose for us. Our room, from which we can see the beach, is very clean. I will write again about the place that we have decided to visit tomorrow. Chapter 8: Pronouns: Relatively Speaking Singular relative pronouns and parts of speech A relative pronoun in Arabic can appear anywhere a noun might.

It could be the subject of its own verb. You could have a relative pronoun as the object of a verb within a relative clause. It also could be governed by a preposition. The relative pronoun presents a situation in which the normally complicated Arabic language is considerably easier than English.

Arabic has preserved case endings for almost all nouns, while English nouns are invariable. Arabic relative pronouns, however, are nondeclinable meaning, they have a single form that can stand for the subject or object within a relative clause.

English, by contrast, has one form for the nominative, who, another for accusative or after prepositions, whom, and even a genitive relative pronoun, whose. Relative pronoun as a subject No matter what role the antecedent plays in the sentence, the relative pronoun describing it can be the subject of the relative clause. I love the author who wrote that book. Relative pronoun as a direct object An antecedent can be the object within a relative clause.

Whenever a relative pronoun is the object, you then have to add an object pronoun either directly to the verb or to a preposition required by the verb. But if you form a relative clause and forget to use these object pronouns, a more advanced reader of Arabic will certainly notice their absence. The extra pronoun you add when the relative pronoun is an object or is governed by a preposition is an essential part of a fully grammatical relative clause in Arabic.

Grammarians call the object pronoun used in this way a resumptive pronoun, meaning it resumes speaking about the antecedent. The following are two examples of relative pronouns that are direct objects. The man whom I met at the party was tall and angry. I read his book that he had written on that subject. Here are two examples in English: The friend about whom I told you is getting married soon. She sent a letter to the uncle from whom she received the present.

Instead, you move the prepositional phrase into the relative clause and use the object suffix. Here are Arabic versions of the preceding English example sentences. I translate them into literal English here to show you where to put the prepositions. The friend who I told you about him is getting married soon. She sent a letter to the uncle who she received the present from him.

In English you use whose or of whom to form a relative clause describing ownership. To express this sentence in Arabic, use the relative pronoun and put the possessive suffix on the object within the relative clause. The colleague who we are considering his proposal wants to speak before the committee. As you become more experienced with picking the correct relative pronoun for each gender, you can take it to the next level by adding the resumptive pronouns.

Translate each of the following sentences into Arabic. The room I entered was very dark. Chapter 8: Pronouns: Relatively Speaking 7. The letter that I sent to my friend arrived after only two days. I wanted to study with the professor whose specialty is in Arabic. The pen with which he signed the contract was a gift from his grandfather.

They submitted their proposal to the company that has a branch in Qatar. She looked for the solution that would lead to success. The sister with whom I visited Jordan wants to return there soon. He wore the shirt in which he got married. Arabic has plural relative pronouns for such occasions. One peculiar grammatical trait of Arabic, however, is that the only time you actually use a plural relative pronoun is when the antecedent is both plural and animate.

An animate object is something alive, either a human or even an animal. The dual relative pronouns are the only ones that have different forms depending on the case of the pronoun.

For your reference, Table shows the singular and plural forms of the relative pronoun. All the rules you observe with the singular relative forms apply to its use. The antecedent has to be definite, plural, and animate. The correspondents who wrote that article will win an award.

We greeted all the visitors who attended the lecture. You can additionally modify many plural nouns with the word an example:. The president saw all the visitors. Instead, Arabic intuitively uses plural relative pronouns. The president saw all the visitors who came to the White House. The salesmen sold all the products that the factory produced. The children prefer the books that have pictures. Chapter 8: Pronouns: Relatively Speaking In the following sentences, translate and write the sentences using the exact type of plural relative pronoun necessary.

The writers who wrote the stories were my friends. The students who heard the lecture learned much. He denied the rumors about which the reporter asked. The president praised the women who founded that college. The doctor examined all the patients who came to the hospital. Our company is improving the products that it sells. But some relative clauses have indefinite antecedents or, for that matter, no stated antecedent at all. In the following sections, I show you how to write these kinds of relative clauses.

Because a relative pronoun can only have a definite antecedent, you leave the relative pronoun unstated in Arabic. I wrote a letter that I never sent.

I stayed in a hotel that my friend had suggested to me. The very topic of a sentence can become the unstated antecedent. Luckily, each of these situations has a relative pronoun that tells you when to expect a relative clause without a stated antecedent.

To help you spot the relative pronouns in this section, I underline them in the Arabic and the English. There was in the crowd someone who sought an answer. I supported what the reporter wrote. It stands for concepts or ideas raised within the first part of the sentence. He decided to study in Paris, which saddened his mother. Chapter 8: Pronouns: Relatively Speaking For each of the sentences in this exercise, look at the relative pronouns provided, select the one that grammatically fits, and write it in the blank.

We listened to the Senators who spoke with us. I saw there The I saw there someone who s. The women who found the boy saved him from death. The places that I visited were beautiful. The ten forms of the Arabic verb will bow to your command after you master them here. Discovering how to add an object to your verb helps you polish your writing skills, so I include a chapter on the object suffix.

Finally, in this part, you break out of the basic world of indicative verbs and take on the task of using the subjunctive and the jussive when Arabic calls for it. But beyond simply using basic verbs, such as eat, run, and sleep, each language also has ways to nuance descriptions.

In English, for example, you can refine verbs with prepositions, to produce statements such as eat out, run on, and sleep in. In some cases, just adding a preposition produces an idiomatic meaning quite separate from the basic verb by itself. Similarly, Arabic has a way to change basic verbal roots to produce multiple meanings. Arabic, however, adds various prefixes, vowels, and doubled consonants to generate meanings such as to cause to do something, to seek to do something, or to be done.

So in this chapter, you discover how to apply the changes that turn a verbal root into any of the different word patterns, creating various shades of meaning or even whole new verbs in the process.

Understanding the Forms of the Arabic Verb The nine word patterns you read about in this chapter are called forms by English language linguists. These forms are usually distinguished by the use of Roman numerals, which is the convention that I use in this book. You likely became acquainted with the common Form I in your basic studies of Arabic. If not, you can find a refresher on Form I in Chapter 2. An Arabic verb form is a word pattern created by the addition of extra consonants or long vowels.

These extra elements, depending on the form, are added to the verbal root at the beginning of the word or in between the consonants of the verbal root. I highlight the features for you in this chapter.

This treatment of the features will allow you to remember the traits that can help you recognize a given form. The English language inherited numerous verbs from Latin, and these verbs come to the language already carrying various prepositional prefixes that radically change their meanings.

For example, from Latin capere, meaning to take, we get these words: receive, conceive, and perceive. Similarly, from Latin mittere, meaning to send, we get remit, commit, and permit. And from Latin formare, meaning to form, we get reform, conform, and perform. Forget what the kasra, Damma, and shadda are? Check out Chapter 3. The angry woman smashed the bottle on the ground. I thank the man who taught me the Arabic langauge.

In other words, a verbal root may occur in Form II or it may not. Please convey my greetings to your wife. I changed my opinion quickly.

To produce Form II, you apply the steps I show you in the introduction to this section. All Arabic verb forms take the same suffixes and prefixes to form their past and present tenses.

I show the conjugation in both past and present tense. Have you taught your children to speak Arabic? We teach that we might learn. The best way to internalize your production of each verb form in this chapter is to apply the steps you discover in each section immediately after you encounter them.

For this exercise, I give you a pronoun and a verbal root. Write the past and present tenses of the Form II verb that correspond to the verbal root and the supplied pronoun in each item.

We watched a movie yesterday. I befriended the neighbor who used to be my enemy. Will you accompany me to the store? The workers are taking part in the strike. My grandmother continued her story. Why do we continue this argument? Write the past and present tenses of the Form III verb that correspond to the verbal root and the supplied pronoun in each item.

In other words, if your verb root means to cook, the Form IV of that verb root would mean to cause someone to cook make someone cook. The make someone read. Have you read her new story?

Send me a message when you get the results. The airline is announcing the arrival of their plane coming from Paris.

Producing Form IV Make sure to study the past and present tenses of the Form IV verb separately and internalize the different look and feel of them. I show the conjugation in both past and present tenses. When do you finish work today? To help you improve your use of Forms IV, your teacher designed a matching exercise. You have a word bank with seven verbs in Form IV. Match each one with the sentence that fits the meaning best. Each verb will make the best sense in only one place.

After graduation, I became an employee there. I will What I mean is that when you have a verbal root in Form V, the same root will usually have a Form II with a similar meaning. Form V will be the reflexive where the action is done by the subjects on themselves or passive where the action is done to the subject.

Have you learned the secret of success? I made the acquaintance of my neighbor. The book contains important information. Did you speak with your mother yesterday? They will speak together after the meeting.

Write the past and present tenses of the Form V verb that correspond to the verbal root and the supplied pronoun in each item.

The soldiers fought one another all night. The enemies finally reconciled. I asked myself whether I would go to the party or not. I show the conjugation in both the past and present tenses. We exchanged the two copies of the contract. Maybe we can exchange phone numbers? Write the past and present tenses for the indicated pronouns and verbal roots. In other words, when it exists, it means the action is done to the subject of the verb.

The door became broken when I opened it. I was there when the war broke out. I must learn Arabic. The picture fell and broke. His arm may be broken. Form VII verbs are rare, but knowing how to form them will be a boon when you really need one. Write the past and present tenses of the Form VII verb that correspond to the verbal root and pronoun in each item.

The balloon rose over the tall building. The committee will meet twice in the coming month. My family moved into a new house. This means that the extra element, the consonant t, is inserted between the first and second consonants of the root. Images Donate icon An illustration of a heart shape Donate Ellipses icon An illustration of text ellipses. Metropolitan Museum Cleveland Museum of Art.

Internet Arcade Console Living Room. Books to Borrow Open Library. Search the Wayback Machine Search icon An illustration of a magnifying glass. Sign up for free Log in. EMBED for wordpress. Want more? Advanced embedding details, examples, and help! Topics learn arabic pdf , arabic learning guide book Collection opensource Language English. The fast and easy way to learn to speak Modern Standard Arabic Regarded as one of the most difficult languages to learn for native English speakers, Arabic is gaining global prominence and importance.

The Arabic alphabet, pronunciation, basic grammar, and the rules of transliteration The history of the language and information on classical Arabic and its dialects focusing on Modern Standard Arabic How to make small talk and make yourself understood when dining, shopping, or traveling around town How to communicate on the phone and in business conversations Handy words and phrases for dealing with money, directions, hotels, transportation, and emergencies Arabic culture and etiquette, including ten things you should never do in Arabic countries Recognizing Arabic symbols and characters The book also includes an ArabicпїЅEnglish dictionary, verb tables, and an audio CD with dialogues from the book to help you perfect your pronunciation Written by a native Arabic speaker who helped start a yearпїЅround Arabic department at Middlebury College, Arabic For Dummies is just what you need to start making yourself understood in Arabic.

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