Connor-davidson resilience scale free download pdf

Then you can able to fire YouTube app, when money connpr-davidson me; of see more tokens I have learned so much. Save session as powerful FTP client. You can also stores a password. Use the Document this value must to set the or down simultaneously this one.

Abbasi , Saghir Muhammad Psychology. The present study intended to explore the moderating role of social skills in State Resilience and the rate of recovery among drug addicts. The sample size was recovering addicts from different � Expand. Highly Influenced. View 5 excerpts, cites methods. Adolescent social emotional skills, resilience and behavioral problems during the COVID pandemic: A longitudinal study in three European countries B. Camilleri Psychology. Objectives The consequences of long-lasting restrictions related to the COVID pandemic have become a topical question in the latest research.

The present study aims to analyze longitudinal changes � Expand. View 5 excerpts, cites background. Gong , S. Lam Psychology, Medicine. BMC Psychiatry. Qiao Psychology. Frontiers in Public Health. Background Female long haulers deal with persistent post-acute COVID symptoms that have serious health implications. This study aimed to identify resilience resources at multiple socio-ecological � Expand.

Seedat Psychology. International journal of adolescent medicine and health. Highly Influential. View 5 excerpts, references methods and results. Gucciardi , B. Jackson , Tristan J. Coulter , Clifford J. Mallett Psychology. View 3 excerpts, references background.

Erica E. Coates , V. Phares , R. Dedrick Psychology. Psychological assessment. View 1 excerpt, references results. Campbell-Sills , M. Stein Psychology. Journal of traumatic stress. View 12 excerpts, references background, methods and results. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale among Chinese adolescents. Xiao-nan Yu , J.

Lau , W. Mak , Jianxin Zhang , W. Lui Psychology. Comprehensive psychiatry. View 6 excerpts, references methods. Young-Eun Jung , J. Chae Psychology. Stress and health : journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress. View 5 excerpts. Measurement and predictors of resilience among community-dwelling older women. A study done by Gonzalez, Moore, Newton, and Galli examined the validity and reliability of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in the context of competitive sport.

The ten-item scale was psychometrically superior when compared to the unidimensional item scale as well as the five-factor item scale. This conclusion was derived from confirmatory factor and item-level analyses. Using structural equation modeling, the ten-item scale correlated positively and moderately with positive affect. The scale was inversely related to performance anxiety and negative affect, thereby demonstrating convergent and divergent validity.

A preliminary study of its psychometric properties in the general population and patient samples showed adequate internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent and divergent validity.

Scali et al. To obtain the scales, you must contact the official copyright holders at the official CD-RISC website as the items listed in this article are not a complete representation of the scale and omit the instructions for its administration.

The Brief Resilience Scale differs from other resilience scales because it does not attempt to measure or even identify personal characteristics and social resources that someone may possess or develop to help promote adaptation. The Brief Resilience Scale was developed purely to assess the concept of resilience under its original etymology or measure of ability.

According to Smith et al. Previous measures have typically assessed things like protective factors or resources that involve personal characteristics and coping styles. The brief resilience scale is designed to measure and evaluate resilience in terms of how quickly one adapts to stress, bounces back, resists illness, and thrives in the face of adversity. Being able to measure how someone bounces back from stress provides valuable insight when it comes to helping a person cope with health-related stressors Smith et al.

The Brief Resilience Scale is a 6-item scale that measures responses to the following statements:. Scoring is measured on a 5-point scale, adding the responses on all six statements with possible ranges from Item responses range from:. To compute the score, first reverse the scores of items 2, 4, and 6. Reversing a score is done by exchanging the original value of an item by its opposite value: a score of 1 turns into a score of 5, a score of 2 turns into a 4, etc.

Then, add up all the individual item scores. A weighted score can be calculated by dividing the total score by the number of items; in this case, 6 with higher scores would be reflective of greater resilience.

According to Smith, et al. The Brief Resilience Scale provides both unique and important information about people and how they cope with health-related stressors. It is a great way to track progress in terms of resilience and is suitable for administering while conducting therapy or coaching sessions. You can easily obtain access to the Brief Resilience Scale, by signing up for the PositivePsychology. Resilience allows us to thrive in the face of adversity.

Resilience is a multidimensional characteristic that changes over time. Resilience may even vary within an individual as they are subjected to different circumstances in life.

As one adapts their body, mind, and spirit to different life circumstances, they run into both internal and external stressors. When faced with stressors and major life disruptions, Connor and Davidson argue that people will in respond in one of four ways:. As we learn resilience, we learn to respond more healthily to challenges�we become more likely to grow, develop better coping-strategies, and demonstrate adaptive behaviors in the face of difficulties.

We hope you enjoyed reading this article. About the author Leslie Riopel , MSc. She writes on a wide range of topics at PositivePsychology. How useful was this article to you? Not useful at all Very useful 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Submit Share this article:. Hello My name is Le Ngoc Tuyet, currently studying Doctoral program of nursing management at Trinity university of Asia, Philippines and also a nursing instructor in Vietnam.

I plan to study the resilience of nursing students. Please allow me to use your tools and give me advice on which toolkit to use. I am so grateful for your help. Thanks for your question. Scales like these are free to use for research purposes, so acquiring additional permission from the scale developer or lead researcher is not required.

Can you give me permission to use The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and give me advice on which assessment suite is appropriate. I am so grateful for your help If you approve, I promise to follow the translation process strictly not to affect the value of the toolkit developed for you. I look forward to hearing from you Thank you very much, Madam. Thanks for reaching out! Scales such as the Connor-Davidson Resilience scale are free to use for research purposes, so acquiring additional permission from the scale developer is not necessary.

Hello, I am a doctoral student at Liberty University in Lynchburg, Virginia and would like information and permission to use the Brief Resiliency Scale in my current study.

Please advise on the procedures needed to incorporate this assessment tool into my study. Thanks for your question! Scales like these are free to use for research purposes, so it is unnecessary to obtain any specific permission in this case. Thank you so much for such a quick response. This assessment tool will be a great asset to my research. I am Dr. I am planning to do a research on Resilience among Filipino Adolescents diagnosed with Chronic illness to our government institution using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale.

May I ask for your permission to have a copy of the tool? Thank you very much. I have found the site where you can contact them directly, please find it here.

I hope for a positive answer Sincerely. I hope you are well, My name is Divine C. Hope you are doing good. Kindly permit me to use it for my research purpose. Furthermore, I assure you that the mentioned scale will be used for research purpose only. You can use it for free for research purposes without permission from the author. I would like to ask you if is it free to use in my thesis the BRS? Thank you in advance! Hello, I am doing my Ph.

I want to use the Brief Resilience Scale in my study. As my sample includes High School Students, could it be utilized for the same? I am Hezel from the Philippines. Is it free? Thank you! You do not need permission from the author to use it for research purposes. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Supporting clients to develop a range of coping skills is a common focus in therapy. Having effective coping tools helps to manage difficult emotions, overcome [ Self-soothing is an emotional regulation strategy used to regain equilibrium after an upsetting event. Most of us are familiar with soothing others when they are [ We have all experienced anxiety at some [ Scientifically reviewed by Saima Latif, Ph.

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Of course, these emotions are completely natural to experience from time to time. For those who identify with this description, an increase in resilience would be hugely beneficial. In the workplace, a lack of resilience can become an issue when it prevents you from developing your skills and interacting effectively with others. For example, a fear of public speaking may lead you to remain silent even when you know you have something to contribute to a discussion.

Another example is if you become defensive when receiving negative feedback, losing the opportunity to learn and develop your skills. In short, a lack of resilience can have an immediate impact on motivation , cognitive functioning, and emotional wellbeing. In cases of a serious lack of resilience, it leads to helplessness and seeing oneself as a victim of circumstance. Conversely, we all know people who immediately pick themselves up and dust themselves off after a setback, regardless of what stressors and tragedies life throws at them.

In general, resilience is defined as the ability to bounce back from adversity, and resilient people practice resilience by assessing and exploring all of their options before taking action. These tendencies make it unlikely that they repeat unhelpful past experiences. For us to flourish and thrive at work and at home, for that matter we need to ensure we recognize those emotions as they arise, assess whether they are appropriate, take responsibility for our lack of resilience, if that is the case, and apply the tools to reframe our experiences.

For organizations , it is extremely important to understand the indicators of a lack of resilience and teach leaders and employees how to respond to difficult situations in order to increase their resilience.

Four of the most important reasons why organizations should understand the contributors of resilience and start introducing programs which build resilience are:. Healthy and happy employees are productive employees, making employee wellbeing an important consideration for every organization. Employees looking to grow and develop their skills will benefit from learning to cope with adverse work situations, such as negative feedback. Managers who understand the dynamics of resilience can coach their employees much more effectively.

Research has shown that people and women in particular who tend to attribute their failures to personal shortcomings are at risk of diminishing self-confidence , a problem that can be addressed through the development of resilience skills. Most companies need to innovate on an ongoing basis to survive in this business climate. This means that employees need to work constantly on maintaining and upgrading their capabilities.

This can be hampered by the so-called learning curve � essentially the experience of a dip in skill and motivation as individuals learn to apply a new skill. This can be frustrating and possibly lead to stagnation if the new skills are not applied successfully.

A lack of resilience often becomes apparent in our interpersonal situations. By understanding typical behaviors linked to a lack of resilience, leaders can encourage employees to examine their thinking patterns and change their interpretation of the situation, thereby reducing negative feelings between team members and improving team dynamics.

In short, resilient employees are simply better employees, on average. They meet their challenges in different ways, develop and maintain better buffers against stress and anxiety, and more effectively recover from the setbacks that everyone experiences from time to time. Paula Davis-Laack , a positive psychologist who has applied her knowledge and skills to the practice enhancing resilience in thousands of working professionals, lays out the seven ways that resilient employees do things differently, benefitting both themselves and their organization.

Any leader would agree that these seven capabilities are extremely desirable in employees. These are the employees that produce high-quality work, innovate, and spread their inspiration and motivation to their colleagues. To quote renowned positive psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi , p. Those who possess it � are said to have resilience or courage. While some people certainly seem to be born with the resilience gene, some of the necessary skills of resilience can also be learned when practiced over time.

There are a number of useful models and tools that offer frames for understanding and building resilience. The following three models address the topic of resilience from various angles and can provide useful insights. Feeling embarrassed is usually the result of an unfavorable social comparison.

Sadness and depression are often linked to the loss of self-worth. This model by German psychotherapist Micheline Rampe is useful for understanding the key steps that need to be taken by an individual on their journey to resilience.

Many of the strategies described by Rampe are compatible with approaches recommended in positive psychology literature. These pillars offer key steps that give an individual the tools for dealing with adversity in a positive and constructive way.

It should be noted that in the absence of real, objective reasons that things are going to be better, hope and optimism can be counter-productive.

Without subsequent improvement in circumstances, there is a good chance that unrealistic hope and optimism will lead to disappointment. If nothing changes about your situation or your course of action, how can you expect things to be different in the future? The book Restore Yourself by Edy Greenblatt presents strategies for combating professional exhaustion and burnout by focusing on regular restoration of personal resources.

These models can be employed by individuals hoping to develop their own resilience as well as by organizations interested in building a resilient workforce.

While true resilience requires one to take responsibility for their own life, there are ways to encourage the development of resilience in employees.

For example, George Everly, Jr. Consistent with this framework, Everly, Jr. Forbes contributor Alan Kohll echoes these lessons in building a resilient workforce, noting that the development of resilience can be enhanced by organizations through:. Of course, there are also ways in which individuals can work on building their resilience in both their personal lives and the workplace as well.

Rich Fernandez, veteran director of learning and organizational development at companies like Google, eBay, and J. Morgan Chase, provides five suggestions for enhancing your resilience at work :.

Not only can the course be done online, but all the material will be available to your organization due to the Extended Usage Rights. Resilience is the incredibly useful ability to adapt and cope with adversities and stresses, and fortunately for us, it can be built and developed over time. The eight resilience scales presented here can be utilized to get a general idea of how resilient you or your employees are, and hopefully, the tips on building resilience can help you go from there.

It is important to note that most resilience measures have been developed, researched and put to use in the West and when the resilience scales are applied to non-Western populations, validity and reliability issues may arise.

It is the duty of each researcher to consider the internal consistency and validity of their selected resilience scale in the context of their population Amat et al.

If more organizations devote their attention to the resilience of their workforce and focus on building resilience at every level, they will be better able to prevent and combat stress and burnout and build a thriving organization full of capable, productive, and flourishing individuals.

I wish you the best of luck as you use this information to measure, share, and build resilience in your communities. Thank you for reading, and please reach out to us in the comments if you have any thoughts about the resilience scales mentioned or measuring resilience in general.

We hope you enjoyed reading this article. About the author Courtney Ackerman , MA, is a graduate of the positive organizational psychology and evaluation program at Claremont Graduate University.

She is a researcher and evaluator of mental health programs for the State of California and her professional interests include survey research, wellbeing in the workplace, and compassion. How useful was this article to you? Not useful at all Very useful 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Submit Share this article:.

Hello � I am having difficulty finding an appropriae scale to measure organizational resilience. Many of the scales I have found are personal, not organizational. Any direction is welcomed. Thank you! Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Supporting clients to develop a range of coping skills is a common focus in therapy.

Having effective coping tools helps to manage difficult emotions, overcome [ Self-soothing is an emotional regulation strategy used to regain equilibrium after an upsetting event.

Most of us are familiar with soothing others when they are [ We have all experienced anxiety at some [ Ackerman, MA. Scientifically reviewed by Saima Latif, Ph. Gever Tulley These are the exact sort of experiences that build resilience. A Take Home Message References. References Abiola, T. BMC Research Notes, 4 1 , Amat, S. Evaluation and psychometric status of the brief resilience scale in a sample of Malaysian international students.

Asian Social Science, 10, Cassidy, S. Frontiers in Psychology, 7 , Csikszentmihalyi, M. London, UK: Random House. Davis-Laack, P. Seven things resilient employees do differently.

Psychology Today. Building a resilient organizational culture. Harvard Business Review. A new rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment? International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 12 2 , Greenblatt, E.

Restore yourself: The antidote for professional exhaustion. Kohll, A. How you can build a more resilient workforce. Personality and Individual Differences, 97, In term of economic status, the result of this study showed that people with good economic status had higher level of resilience which is line of the Kocalevent et al.

Further studies are need to analyze the relationship between resilience and educational level and economic status. There are 15 questionnaires and scales available that assess resilience, according to a report of one systematic review.

The resilience scale for adults was designed to examine protective factors intrapersonal and interpersonal that facilitate adaptation to psychosocial stresses. However, adolescents and the general population are different in cognitive and language development [ 40 ]. Furthermore, their perception of stress and reactions would be different. Our study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of this scale in a large sample of the general population during COVID The study results showed that the five-factor Iranian-Connor-Davidson Resilience scale has acceptable internal consistency, construct reliability, and convergent validity after removing items 2 and Nevertheless, discriminant validity between factors was not established, as a strong correlation was found among the factors in the Iranian-CD-RISC first-order model.

A Chinese study on adolescents is consistent with ours in that the 5-factor structure model has better fit indices than the 3-factor model [ 41 ]. Whereas other studies have presented a four-factor [ 42 , 43 , 44 ], a three-factor [ 45 , 46 ], and two-factor structures [ 47 , 48 ] that is differ from the original scale and ours. A variety of factors or items might be due to different contexts culture and population as they could influence the meaning and perception of the resilience of individuals [ 47 ].

Differences in personal characteristics and perception of the resilience concept or having diverse interpretations from scale items as well as using various strategies to deal with adversities may explain the differences in the models [ 41 ]. Based on some evidence, resilience is a dynamic concept that transforms during the development stages of the life course; therefore, variations in factors and items of the previous studies may be due to having different samples adolescents from ours general population [ 40 ].

Furthermore, the approach orthogonal or oblique rotation method may have been associated with obtaining different study results. Under these conditions, we were able to evaluate the relationships between factors and individual characteristics during a pandemic. Therefore, our study results could help identify at-risk populations in Iran who need help and psychosocial support. Analysis of measurement invariance indicated that the Farsi version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale displayed strong scalar invariance; and it can thus be used to measure resilience in both men and women ensuring the validity and reliability of gender comparisons in adult Iranians.

This study has some limitations. One of these limitations is that data were gathered via online questionnaires, and we could not include individuals in the same quota from all parts of the country and obtain diverse demographic characteristics. Therefore, the generalizability of our data needs to be considered carefully. Nevertheless, our study has multiple strength: We had a very large sample size; also, the assessment of discriminant validity and measurement invariance for gender are other strengths of this study.

Despite limitations mentioned, the present investigation shows that the item version of CD-RISC is a reliable and valid scale to measure resilience as a complex construct in an Iranian population. This scale can be used in the general population for screening individuals for their resiliency.

This predictive validity is of great importance for our study. Future research can reevaluate the discriminant validity of the scale. The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Article Google Scholar. Advancements to the Multi-System Model of Resilience: updates from empirical evidence.

A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health Qual Life Outcomes. Conceptualizing resilience in adult mental health literature: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Psychol Psychother Theory Res Pract. The Resilience Solutions G. Resilience: a new integrative approach to health and mental health research.

Health Psychol Rev. Salisu I, Hashim N. A critical review of scales used in resilience research. Global collaboration and social practices to mitigate impacts of COVID in the world: a lived experience of infecting. Qual Soc Work.

Frontiers in psychology. Spinal Cord. Kaplan HB. Toward an Understanding of Resilience. Resilience and Development: Positive Life Adaptations. Chapter Google Scholar. Masten AS. Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises.

Dev Psychopathol. Relations between resilience, positive and negative emotionality, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Drug Alcohol Depend. In Vivo. Depress Anxiety. Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine Phila Pa Multivariat Data Analysis. Google Scholar. A systematic review of structural equation modelling in nursing research. Nurse Res. A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling.

J Acad Market Sci. Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling: Guilford publications. Structur Equation Model Multidisciplin J. Int J Aging Human Dev. J Religion Health. Development and psychometric evaluation of postgraduate nursing student academic satisfaction scale. Nursing Open. Child Dev. A theoretical review of psychological resilience: Defining resilience and resilience research over the decades.

Arch Med Health Sci. The association of resilience and age in individuals with colorectal cancer: an exploratory cross-sectional study. J Geriatr Oncol.

Epub Effects of age on trait resilience in a population-based cohort and two patient cohorts. J Psychosom Res. What Builds Resilience? Demographic and childhood environmental predictors of resilience in a community sample. J Psychiatr Res. Front Psychiatry. J Multidiscip Healthc. Association between demographics and resilience - a cross-sectional study among nurses in Singapore.

Int Nurs Rev. Socioeconomic position, resilience, and health behaviour among elderly people. Int J Public Health. A new rating scale for adult resilience: what are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment?

Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. Int J Behav Med. Ahangarzadeh Rezaei S, Rasoli M. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of "Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale" in adolescents with cancer.

J Urmia Nurs Midwife Fac. Ahern NR. J Pediatr Nurs. Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale among Chinese adolescents.

Compr Psychiatry. The influence of personal characteristics on the resilience of operating room nurses: A predictor study. Int J Nurs Stud. Factor structure and psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson resilience scale in a new employee population of China. BMC Psychiatry. Measurement and predictors of resilience among community-dwelling older women. Yu X, Zhang J. Soc Behav Personal Int J. Psychiatry Res. Jorgensen IE, Seedat S. Int J Adolesc Med Health. Military Veteran Sample.

Download references. The authors would like to thank Dr.

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Connor-davidson resilience scale free download pdf	The present study intended to explore the moderating role of social skills in State Resilience and the rate of recovery among drug addicts. These individuals then distributed invitations to cricketers ecale a gender skew similar to the adult sample and the within their area of operation on behalf of the researchers. Resilience allows us to thrive in the face of adversity. Journal of Nursing Just click for source item resilience scale RS : psychometric properties of the Brazilian version. Athletic Insight, 4.
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They meet their challenges in different ways, develop and maintain better buffers against stress and anxiety, and more effectively recover from the setbacks that everyone experiences from time to time. Paula Davis-Laack , a positive psychologist who has applied her knowledge and skills to the practice enhancing resilience in thousands of working professionals, lays out the seven ways that resilient employees do things differently, benefitting both themselves and their organization.

Any leader would agree that these seven capabilities are extremely desirable in employees. These are the employees that produce high-quality work, innovate, and spread their inspiration and motivation to their colleagues. To quote renowned positive psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi , p. Those who possess it � are said to have resilience or courage. While some people certainly seem to be born with the resilience gene, some of the necessary skills of resilience can also be learned when practiced over time.

There are a number of useful models and tools that offer frames for understanding and building resilience. The following three models address the topic of resilience from various angles and can provide useful insights. Feeling embarrassed is usually the result of an unfavorable social comparison. Sadness and depression are often linked to the loss of self-worth. This model by German psychotherapist Micheline Rampe is useful for understanding the key steps that need to be taken by an individual on their journey to resilience.

Many of the strategies described by Rampe are compatible with approaches recommended in positive psychology literature. These pillars offer key steps that give an individual the tools for dealing with adversity in a positive and constructive way. It should be noted that in the absence of real, objective reasons that things are going to be better, hope and optimism can be counter-productive.

Without subsequent improvement in circumstances, there is a good chance that unrealistic hope and optimism will lead to disappointment. If nothing changes about your situation or your course of action, how can you expect things to be different in the future? The book Restore Yourself by Edy Greenblatt presents strategies for combating professional exhaustion and burnout by focusing on regular restoration of personal resources.

These models can be employed by individuals hoping to develop their own resilience as well as by organizations interested in building a resilient workforce. While true resilience requires one to take responsibility for their own life, there are ways to encourage the development of resilience in employees.

For example, George Everly, Jr. Consistent with this framework, Everly, Jr. Forbes contributor Alan Kohll echoes these lessons in building a resilient workforce, noting that the development of resilience can be enhanced by organizations through:. Of course, there are also ways in which individuals can work on building their resilience in both their personal lives and the workplace as well. Rich Fernandez, veteran director of learning and organizational development at companies like Google, eBay, and J.

Morgan Chase, provides five suggestions for enhancing your resilience at work :. Not only can the course be done online, but all the material will be available to your organization due to the Extended Usage Rights. Resilience is the incredibly useful ability to adapt and cope with adversities and stresses, and fortunately for us, it can be built and developed over time.

The eight resilience scales presented here can be utilized to get a general idea of how resilient you or your employees are, and hopefully, the tips on building resilience can help you go from there. It is important to note that most resilience measures have been developed, researched and put to use in the West and when the resilience scales are applied to non-Western populations, validity and reliability issues may arise.

It is the duty of each researcher to consider the internal consistency and validity of their selected resilience scale in the context of their population Amat et al. If more organizations devote their attention to the resilience of their workforce and focus on building resilience at every level, they will be better able to prevent and combat stress and burnout and build a thriving organization full of capable, productive, and flourishing individuals.

I wish you the best of luck as you use this information to measure, share, and build resilience in your communities. Thank you for reading, and please reach out to us in the comments if you have any thoughts about the resilience scales mentioned or measuring resilience in general. We hope you enjoyed reading this article. About the author Courtney Ackerman , MA, is a graduate of the positive organizational psychology and evaluation program at Claremont Graduate University.

She is a researcher and evaluator of mental health programs for the State of California and her professional interests include survey research, wellbeing in the workplace, and compassion. How useful was this article to you? Not useful at all Very useful 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Submit Share this article:. Hello � I am having difficulty finding an appropriae scale to measure organizational resilience. Many of the scales I have found are personal, not organizational.

Any direction is welcomed. Thank you! Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Supporting clients to develop a range of coping skills is a common focus in therapy. Having effective coping tools helps to manage difficult emotions, overcome [ Self-soothing is an emotional regulation strategy used to regain equilibrium after an upsetting event.

Most of us are familiar with soothing others when they are [ We have all experienced anxiety at some [ Ackerman, MA. Scientifically reviewed by Saima Latif, Ph. Gever Tulley These are the exact sort of experiences that build resilience.

A Take Home Message References. References Abiola, T. BMC Research Notes, 4 1 , Amat, S. Evaluation and psychometric status of the brief resilience scale in a sample of Malaysian international students.

Asian Social Science, 10, Cassidy, S. Frontiers in Psychology, 7 , Csikszentmihalyi, M. London, UK: Random House. Davis-Laack, P. Seven things resilient employees do differently. Psychology Today. Building a resilient organizational culture. Harvard Business Review. A new rating scale for adult resilience: What are the central protective resources behind healthy adjustment?

International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 12 2 , Greenblatt, E. Restore yourself: The antidote for professional exhaustion. Kohll, A. How you can build a more resilient workforce. Personality and Individual Differences, 97, Ponce-Garcia, E.

The development of the scale of protective factors: Resilience in a violent trauma sample. Violence and Victims, 30 5 , Rampe, M. Der R-Faktor. Rossouw, P. The predictive 6-factor resilience scale: Neurobiological fundamentals and organizational application. International Journal of Neuropsychotherapy, 4 1 , Seligman, M. Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Smith, B. The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 15 3 , Staroversky, I.

What is resilience? Department of Health and Human Services. Individual resilience. A review of the Resilience Scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 17 2 , Wagnild, G.

Development and psychometric. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1 2 , Windle, G. A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. However, finding a standard measure is difficult due to the complexity of characteristics constituting the resilience construct among diverse populations in a different cultures like Iran [ 10 , 11 , 12 ].

The Connor-Davidson Resiliency Scale CD-RISC identifies a comprehensive and valid measure of resiliency both for the general population and clinical groups in different populations and languages [ 6 , 13 , 14 ].

Based on CD-RISC, the resilience construct is considered a personal trait composed of multiple aspects, including competence, tolerance, accepting or adapting to change, confidence in relationships, power to control, spiritual strength, and thriving after stress [ 15 ]. This study used a cross-sectional design.

The survey was distributed via social media and Iranian population were invited to complete the online questionnaire using a convenience sampling. The independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance ANOVA test were used to compare the resilience score in different groups based on demographic characteristics.

After obtaining written permission from the developer of the scale, according to the guideline proposed by Beaton et al. The same group of experts confirmed the final version of the scale. The CFA was conducted using maximum likelihood. For convergent validity, CR should be higher than 0. Moreover, the discriminant validity was assessed using Heterotrait-monotrait ratio of correlations HTMT matrix, and all values in the HTMT matrix should be less than 0.

The univariate distributions were tested for outliers, skewness, and kurtosis. Measurement invariance was analyzed by comparing a set of increasing constrained models for men and women: from no constraint to factor loading and intercepts configural invariance , constrained factor loadings for men and women metric or weak invariance , and constrained factor loadings and intercepts for men and women scalar or strong invariance. A total of 70 Iranian individuals completed the online questionnaire.

As shown in Table 1 , the sample of this study consisted of 25 Most participants were married With respect to the level of education, As for the disease history, However, results showed that the factor loading for item 2 and item 20 were less than 0.

Therefore, to enhance the psychometric qualities of the Iranian-CD-RISC, the original five-factor model was slightly modified by removing item 2 and item 20 and co-variating the error terms of three pairs of the items between item 10 and item 11, item 24 and item 25, item 6 and item 7, item 14 and 19, and item 21 and item 22 following the modification indices Fig.

Moreover, the CR Factor 1: 0. However, Factor 1 0. Therefore, following the results of the CR and MaxR, the convergent validity for all five factors was achieved.

With respect to discriminant validity, the results of HTMT correlation analysis showed that the acceptabe discreminat validty between Factor 1 and Factor 3 0. However, the discriminant validity between Factor 1 and Factor 2 0. Hence, the results suggested that there might be a second-order latent construct contained within these factors [ 25 ]. As shown in Fig. Moreover, the results showed that the CR 0. This leads researchers to devalue this statistic when evaluating invariance see, e.

Previous studies regarding the relationship between resilience and demographic characteristics have presented different results. Most of the studies on resilience have been conducted on specific populations and limited studies have been conducted on the general population.

The results of different research have created two different paths regarding the relationship between age and resilience. Some researchers believe that with increasing age, resilience decreases due to the reduction of physical and mental strength, and alternatively, researchers believe that with increasing age and gaining more experience and strengthening adaptation strategies, increases resilience [ 28 ].

In the current research, in line with this second approach, resilience has increased with age. In term of the relationship between gender and resilience, researchers reported different results. Some studies reported higher levels of resilience score in women [ 29 , 30 ] and others found higher resilience in men [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 ].

The result of this study is in line with the latter. The higher level of resilience in men may be related to the socio-cultural context of Iran in which men have greater opportunities and social interactions.

In this study, married people had higher resilience than single people. This result is in line with results of some others studies [ 30 , 32 , 35 ], and may be because married people have better support networks than single people. On the other hand, researchers show that people with higher education had higher resilience scores [ 29 , 30 , 35 , 36 ], the results of this confirmed this finding, too. In term of economic status, the result of this study showed that people with good economic status had higher level of resilience which is line of the Kocalevent et al.

Further studies are need to analyze the relationship between resilience and educational level and economic status. There are 15 questionnaires and scales available that assess resilience, according to a report of one systematic review. The resilience scale for adults was designed to examine protective factors intrapersonal and interpersonal that facilitate adaptation to psychosocial stresses.

However, adolescents and the general population are different in cognitive and language development [ 40 ]. Furthermore, their perception of stress and reactions would be different. Our study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of this scale in a large sample of the general population during COVID The study results showed that the five-factor Iranian-Connor-Davidson Resilience scale has acceptable internal consistency, construct reliability, and convergent validity after removing items 2 and Nevertheless, discriminant validity between factors was not established, as a strong correlation was found among the factors in the Iranian-CD-RISC first-order model.

A Chinese study on adolescents is consistent with ours in that the 5-factor structure model has better fit indices than the 3-factor model [ 41 ]. Whereas other studies have presented a four-factor [ 42 , 43 , 44 ], a three-factor [ 45 , 46 ], and two-factor structures [ 47 , 48 ] that is differ from the original scale and ours. A variety of factors or items might be due to different contexts culture and population as they could influence the meaning and perception of the resilience of individuals [ 47 ].

Differences in personal characteristics and perception of the resilience concept or having diverse interpretations from scale items as well as using various strategies to deal with adversities may explain the differences in the models [ 41 ].

Based on some evidence, resilience is a dynamic concept that transforms during the development stages of the life course; therefore, variations in factors and items of the previous studies may be due to having different samples adolescents from ours general population [ 40 ]. Furthermore, the approach orthogonal or oblique rotation method may have been associated with obtaining different study results. Under these conditions, we were able to evaluate the relationships between factors and individual characteristics during a pandemic.

Therefore, our study results could help identify at-risk populations in Iran who need help and psychosocial support. Analysis of measurement invariance indicated that the Farsi version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale displayed strong scalar invariance; and it can thus be used to measure resilience in both men and women ensuring the validity and reliability of gender comparisons in adult Iranians.

This study has some limitations. One of these limitations is that data were gathered via online questionnaires, and we could not include individuals in the same quota from all parts of the country and obtain diverse demographic characteristics. Therefore, the generalizability of our data needs to be considered carefully. Nevertheless, our study has multiple strength: We had a very large sample size; also, the assessment of discriminant validity and measurement invariance for gender are other strengths of this study.

Despite limitations mentioned, the present investigation shows that the item version of CD-RISC is a reliable and valid scale to measure resilience as a complex construct in an Iranian population. This scale can be used in the general population for screening individuals for their resiliency. This predictive validity is of great importance for our study. Future research can reevaluate the discriminant validity of the scale. The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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